Background Information
-
September 11 attacks. (2015). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/394915
September 11 attacks, also called 9/11 attacks: series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks committed by 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda against targets in the United States, the deadliest terrorist attacks on American soil in U.S. history. -
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. (2004). The 9/11 Commission report. Retrieved from http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (also known as the 9-11 Commission), is chartered to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks.
Timeline
-
9/11 Memorial. (n.d.). September 11 attack timeline. Retrieved from http://timeline.911memorial.org/#Timeline/2
On September 11, 2001, nineteen al Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial U.S. jetliners, deliberately crashing two of the planes into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center and a third plane into the Pentagon.
Defensive Measures
-
The Department of Justice. (n.d.). The USA Patriot Act: Preserving life and liberty. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm
The Department of Justice's first priority is to prevent future terrorist attacks. Since its passage following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Patriot Act has played a key part - and often the leading role - in a number of successful operations to protect innocent Americans from the deadly plans of terrorists dedicated to destroying America and our way of life.
-
Check Hayden, E. (2011). Biodefence since 9/11: The price of protection. Nature, 477(7363), 150-152. doi:10.1038/477150a
The article focuses on the biodefence in the U.S. after the bioterror attacks in the country in 2001. It mentions that the U.S. government has spent 60 billion dollars for biodefence between 2001 and 2011, which include spending on basic research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the establishment of BioShield, a programme to purchase vaccines.
-
Zimmerman, P. D. (2011). Science since 9/11: Homeland insecurity. Nature, 477(7363), 153-154. doi:10.1038/477153a
In this article, the author discusses aspects of the U.S. Office of Homeland Security which was created by former President George W. Bush in October 2001 prior to the 9/11 terrorist attack. The author says that it was converted into a cabinet department and was signed in November 2002, wherein its scientific advances were seen as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) mission.
Impacts
-
Jenkins, S., Powell, J., Hanif, M., Crowley, P. J., Nemat, O. A., Galloway, G., ... Ross, C. (2011, September 5). What impact did 9/11 have on the world? Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/05/9-11-impact-world-al-qaida
Our panel assesses the decade of international upheaval that followed the al-Qaida attacks on the US.
-
Stone, R. (2015). Beyond torture. Newsweek Global, 164(24), 20-22.
The article looks at state of torture as an interrogation approach by U.S. military and law enforcement agencies.
-
Hersh, E. D. (2013, December 24). Long-term effect of September 11 on the political behavior of victims’ families and neighbors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(52): 20959–20963. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1315
This study sheds light on how 9/11 catalyzed long-term changes in the political behaviors of victims’ families and neighbors.
Patriot Act Infographic
(American Civil Liberties Union, 2015)