Community and Family
- Fowler, D. (2011). "Nobody Could Make It Alone": Fathers and Boundaries in Toni Morrison's "Beloved". MELUS, 36(2), 13-33.A literary criticism of the book "Beloved," by Toni Morrison is presented, focusing on the social dilemma of ethnic coherence within African American communities and related questions of identity, gender, and race. Focusing on the father figure or the role of a third party in the book, the author argues that they help to form boundaries that both distinguish autonomous subjects and allow for relationships with others. Also discussed is the work of critic Julia Kristeva on the paternal figure.
- Jesser, N. (1999). Violence, Home, and Community in Toni Morrison's Beloved. African American Review, 33(2), 325-345.Discusses Violence, Home, and Comrmnunity in Toni Morrison's Beloved . The terms home and community are frequently uttered with reverence by feminists, non-feminists, and anti-feminists alike. These terms and the spaces they conjure up are invoked as the cure to no end of social ills.
"Beloved shows both the the dystopian and utopian properties of the space termed "home" and the people called "community".
Motherhood
- Wyatt, J. (1993). Giving Body to the Word: The Maternal Symbolic in Toni Morrison's Beloved. PMLA, 108(3), 474-488.In BELOVED Toni Morrison puts into words three orders of experience that Western cultural narratives usually leave out:childbirth and nursing from a mother's perspective; the desires of a preverbal infant; and the sufferings of those destroyed by slavery, including the Africans who died on the slave ships. The project of incorporating into a text subjects previously excluded from language causes a breakdown and restructuring of linguistic forms; to make
room for the articulation of alternative desires, Morrison's textual practice flouts basic rules of normative discourse.
Slavery and Dehumanisation
- Bell, B. W. (1992). Beloved: A Womanist Neo-Slave Narrative; or Multivocal Remembrances of Things Past. African American Review, 26(1), 7- 9.This article Explores the interweaving of racial and sexual consciousness in `Beloved,' Toni Morrison's novel about a black woman haunted by the ghost of the infant daughter she killed in order to save her from the living death of slavery. Morrison's privileging of metaphor and metonym over black dialect; Black families' historical struggle for survival and self-respect.
- Coonradt, N. M. (2005). To Be Loved: Amy Denver and Human Need: Bridges to Understanding in Toni Morrison's "Beloved". College Literature, 32(4), 168-187.Through-out the novel Morrison draws on characters who accept others and reach beyond self. The character of Amy Denver and her relationship with Sethe is discussed, along with the the themes of slavery and human commodity.
Memory
- Carden, M. P. (1999). Models of Memory and Romance: The Dual Endings of Toni Morrison's Beloved. Twentieth Century Literature, 45(4), 401-427.Focuses on the novel `Beloved,' by Toni Morrison. Criticisms against the novel; Why romance is central to novels; Interpretation of the novel's two endings.
Naming
- Hayes, E. T. (2004). The Named and the Nameless: Morrison's 124 and Naylor's "the Other Place" as Semiotic Chorae. African American Review, 38(4), 669-681.The named as identified by the namer is given a unique place in the world and a place in family and community. But what happens to a persons sense of identity when a person is unnamed? This is discusses in relation to Beloved.
The Past & Its Relationship to the Present
- Gourdine, A. K. M. (1998). Hearing Reading and Being "Read" by Beloved. NWSA, 10(2), 13-31.This essay provides an analysis of not only the novel Beloved, but it also responds to an absence of significant critical discussion that attempts to make sense of Beloved as the central focus of the novel. The argument builds upon three basic concepts. First, it utilizes the concept of Reading from the black linguistic tradition to isolate when and how Beloved speaks. Second, it suggests that this act of signifyin' endows Beloved with what Gloria Anzaldtia calls "la conciencia de la mestiza. " These notions of Reading and mestiza conscience/consciousness are then wedded to a specific reader response critique to suggest that Beloved represents both a past and a future historical conscience. Acting as both a memory and a premonition, Beloved raises human social consciousness and demands moral accountability. Concentrating much of its analysis on the novel's final scenes, this essay challenges the resolution that purportedly comes from Beloved's destruction. Instead, it offers the view that Beloved's demand for accountability blocks recognition of her voice, the heeding of her warning, and even an embracing of her memory.
The Self and Identity
- Boudreau, K. (1995). Pain and the Unmaking of Self in Toni Morrison's "Beloved". Contemporary Literature, 36(3), 447-465.This article discusses the themes of pain and it's relationship to the unmaking of Self in Toni Morrison's Beloved. Torture consists of acts that magnify the way in which pain destroys a per- son's world, self ,and voice.
- Suero Elliott, M. J. (2000). Postcolonial Experience in a Domestic Context: Commodified Subjectivity in Toni Morrison's Beloved. Revising Tradition, 25(3/4), 181-202.Many of the characters in Beloved are born into slavery and experience the imposed objectivity of being a commodity. This article discusses how the long term oppression of black identity is difficult for some and impossible for others to overcome.