Code Switching
Netflix. (2018, May 18). What Had Happened Was | Episode 2: Code Switching | Netflix [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=5iQuATmEbVw&feature=emb_logo
Satirizing Code Switching in Film
Newsy. (2018, July 6). Satirizing 'code-switching' on screen [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJkE_CxUHaI&feature=emb_logo
Segregation
- Jim Crow law. (2016). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/43641
Jim Crow law, in U.S. history, was any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. - Pilgrim, D. (2012). Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Retrieved from http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htmJim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-black laws. It was a way of life.
- Smith, S., Ellis, K., & Asianian, S. (2001). Remembering Jim Crow. Retrieved from http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/remembering/
For much of the 20th Century, African Americans in the South were barred from the voting booth, sent to the back of the bus, and walled off from many of the rights they deserved as American citizens. Until well into the 1960s, segregation was legal. The system was called Jim Crow. In this documentary, Americans—black and white—remember life in the Jim Crow times.
Civil Rights Movement
- National Park Service. (n.d.). Crisis timeline. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/chsc/learn/historyculture/timeline.htm
Timeline for the Little Rock Crisis, during which the Governor of Arkansas refused to let black students enrol in the Little Rock Central High School, and used the National Guard to enforce his stance. - Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum & Boyhood Home. (n.d.). Civil rights: The Little Rock School integration crisis. Retrieved from https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/civil_rights_little_rock.htmlCollection of primary documents relating to the Little Rock Crisis.
- Civil rights movement. (2016). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/310706The mass movement for racial equality in the United States known as the civil rights movement started in the late 1950s.
- Montgomery bus boycott. (2016). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/543545The Montgomery bus boycott was a mass protest against the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama, by civil rights activists and their supporters that led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomery’s segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional.
- Freedom Rides. (2016). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/399760The Freedom Rides, in U.S. history, were a series of political protests against segregation by blacks and whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961.
Black Codes
- "Black code." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 6 May. 2015. school-eb-com-au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/black-code/15471. Accessed 9 May. 2018.Black code, in U.S. history, any of numerous laws enacted in the states of the former Confederacy after the American Civil War and intended to assure the continuance of white supremacy. Enacted in 1865 and 1866, the laws were designed to replace the social controls of slavery that had been removed by the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
Police brutality
- Khan, A. (2019). Getting killed by police is a leading cause of death for young black men in America. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-08-15/police-shootings-are-a-leading-cause-of-death-for-black-About 1 in 1,000 black men and boys in America can expect to die at the hands of police, according to a new analysis of deaths involving law enforcement officers. That makes them 2.5 times more likely than white men and boys to die during an encounter with cops.
- Police brutality in the United States. (2020). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://school-eb-com-au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/police-brutality-in-the-United-States/624930#Police brutality in the United States, the unwarranted or excessive and often illegal use of force against civilians by U.S. police officers. Forms of police brutality have ranged from assault and battery (e.g., beatings) to mayhem, torture, and murder. Some broader definitions of police brutality also encompass harassment (including false arrest), intimidation, and verbal abuse, among other forms of mistreatment.
Tupac Shakur
Raymond P. (2017, February 3). Tupac interview at 17 years old-1988 [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=155&v=YPj8l9uFl6k&feature=emb_logo
Tupac Shakur
- Biography.com. (2020). Tupac Shakur. Retrieved from https://www.biography.com/musician/tupac-shakurTupac Shakur was embroiled in a feud between East Coast and West Coast rappers and was murdered in a drive-by shooting in 1996, leaving behind an influential musical legacy at the age of 25.
- 2pac.com. (2020). Biography - 2PAC. Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://2pac.com/us/biography
Rapper. Actor. Activist. Thug. Poet. Rebel. Visionary. Though his recording career lasted just five years, Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of the most popular artists in history, with over 75 million records sold worldwide. - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. (2017). Tupac Shakur. Retrieved 1 April 2020 from https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/tupac-shakurSnoop Dogg inducts and accepts on behalf of Tupac Shakur at the 2017 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.
- NPR music. (n.d.). Tupac Shakur. Retrieved April 1 2020 from https://www.npr.org/artists/88479205/tupac-shakurSeptember 11, 2016 • The charismatic yet contradictory rapper Tupac Shakur died Sept. 13, 1996. To mark the 20th anniversary of his death, poet Kwame Alexander has this commentary.
- BCG Staff. (2013). 10 Philanthropic Facts You May Not Know About Tupac Shakur. Retrieved from https://www.blackcelebritygiving.com/10-philanthropic-facts-may-know-tupac-shakur/Measure a man by his actions fully from the beginning to the end. Don’t take a piece out of my life or a song out of my music and say this is what I’m about because you know better than that.” – Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur Interview
Oscar Grant
- Schladebeck, J. (2019). BART officer ‘started a cascade of events’ leading to Oscar Grant’s 2009 shooting death and then lied to cover it up, report says. Retrieved 1 April 2020 from https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-oscar-grant-bart-officer-reA former Bay Area Rapid Transit police officer who yanked Oscar Grant from a train before a second officer fatally shot him more than a decade ago repeatedly lied to investigators and “started a cascade of events” that ultimately resulted in one of the first-ever viral videos depicting police brutality, a report revealed.
- Levin, S. (2019). Officer punched Oscar Grant and lied about facts in 2009 killing, records show | US news | The Guardian. Theguardian.com. Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/02/officer-punched-oscar-grant-and-lied-aA police officer involved in the 2009 killing of Oscar Grant on an Oakland train platform repeatedly lied to investigators and had punched the unarmed 22-year-old without justification, according to newly released records.
Rodney King and LA Riots
PBS Newshour. (2017, April 29). Looking back at LA riots after beating of Rodney King [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mueJbS6q5mc&feature=emb_logo
- Sastry, A., & Grigsby Bates, K. (2017). When LA Erupted In Anger: A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riotsTwenty-five years ago this week, four Los Angeles policemen — three of them white — were acquitted of the savage beating of Rodney King, an African-American man. Caught on camera by a bystander, graphic video of the attack was broadcast into homes across the nation and worldwide.
- Los Angeles Riots of 1992. (2020). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://school-eb-com-au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/Los-Angeles-Riots-of-1992/598795Los Angeles Riots of 1992, major outbreak of violence, looting, and arson in Los Angeles that began on April 29, 1992, in response to the acquittal of four white Los Angeles policemen on all but one charge (on which the jury was deadlocked) connected with the severe beating of an African American motorist in March 1991.
Martin Luther King Jr
- Martin Luther King, Jr.. History.com. (2020). Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jrMartin Luther King, Jr. was a social activist and Baptist minister who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968.
- Martin Luther King, Jr.. (2020). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://school-eb-com-au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/Martin-Luther-King-Jr/45504Martin Luther King, Jr., original name Michael King, Jr., (born January 15, 1929, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. —died April 4, 1968, Memphis, Tennessee ), Baptist minister and social activist who led the civil rights movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968.