Introduction
You probably learned the lesson of conformity as a child when peers shunned children who were different from the average. You also know, to some extent, adult groups are not much different. A neighbour who violates neighbourhood norms regarding landscape maintenance may not be invited to neighbourhood parties or spoken to at the mailbox. (Burn, 2004).
Changing behaviour in response to group pressure is known as conformity. This process was first studied experimentally in a classic study reported by Solomon Aschin 1955. (Nelson, 2015)
Conformity
CrashCourse. (2014, November 11). Social psychology. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxGDdQnC1Y
Overview
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Conformity can be defined as adjusting one's behavior or thinking to match those of other people or a group standard. There are lots of reasons why people conform, including the desire/need to fit in or be accepted by others and maintaining order in ones life. For example, when you go to class, do you sit in a chair like other students or sit in the aisle? Do you face the front of the room like everyone else or do you sit facing the back wall? Why? Well, according to Muzafer Sherif (he was one of the most influential conformity researchers in psychological history), "When the external surroundings lack stabile, orderly reference points, the individuals caught in the ensuing experience of uncertainty mutually contribute to each other a mode of orderliness to establish their own orderly pattern." (Sherif, 1996, pp. xii-xiii; cited in Forsyth, 1995).
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The Asch conformity experiments were a series of psychological experiments conducted by Solomon Asch in the 1950s. The experiments revealed the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of groups. Asch found people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.
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This article uses Asch's experiment to find out if Trump supporters judged the correct crowd size at his inauguration. 41% incorrectly over estimated the size of the crowd. Although this example of conformity concerns Trump voters, conformity will influence the judgment of all people. Conformity is an equal opportunity cognitive failure.
Studies
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120 subjects took part in an Asch type experiment, using a material which was suitable for the measurement of indirect influence. The subjects were given the consistent incorrect response of a source which was either a majority or a minority. The results show that direct influence increases when there is a stronger symbolic social pressure.
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This article examines 4 of Asch's ideas that have proven to be particularly influential in later efforts to understand social influence in groups: (a) Social interaction depends on individuals' ability to represent others' positions, define themselves as members of the same group, and regulate their behavior in terms of the norms and values of the group; (b) independence is critical to effective group functioning; (c) independence and conformity are not simply mirror images that can be explained in terms of a unitary psychological process; and (d) change of meaning is an important mechanism of social influence.
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The article investigates the relationship between age and conformist behavior using a replicated social conformity paradigm of Asch. The social conformity paradigm of Asch was replicated to investigate the relationship between age and conformist behavior. One hundred ten Australian school children and adolescents between 3 and 17 years of age participated in the study. Each participant was placed in the position of being a minority of 1 against a wrong but unanimous majority of 3. The results indicate that conformity decreases with age in perceptually unambiguous tasks.
Key Terms Conformity
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conformityConformity can be defined as adjusting one's behavior or thinking to match those of other people or a group standard.
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Informational social influenceWhen you make decisions about how to behave, there are many sources of information available to help you make these decisions. Sometimes you may need to seek out experts, conform to the way others or a group are behaving, or look to some other source of information. One other way is to use informational social influence; you look to the behaviors of others who are also in the same or similar situation to see how they behave.
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Solomon AschSolomon Asch (1907-1996) was an an American scientist who is known for his research in social psychology. His primary areas of research included impression formation, prestige and conformity and the nature of group pressure.
Solomon Asch
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Solomon Asch is famous for his research in the field of conformity where his well known experiments showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect.
Conformity through Humiliation
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Town leaders and young people organize the public shaming of a teenage couple for having a “mixed race” relationship.
Sixteen-year-old Bronia was an ethnic Pole serving as a forced laborer in German-occupied Poland. Nineteen-year-old Gerhard Greschok was an ethnic German field hand working on the same farm. After their forbidden “interracial” romance was discovered, local townspeople subjected them to the public humiliation shown in this film. As punishment, Gerhard was sent to the Soviet front, and Bronia to a concentration camp. Bronia’s fate is unknown. Gerhard and his mother are buried in Ścinawa Nyska.