Key Terms
- antibodyany of numerous Y -shaped protein molecules produced by B cells as a primary immune defense, each molecule and its clones having a unique binding site that can combine with the complementary site of a foreign antigen, as on a virus or bacterium, thereby disabling the antigen and signaling other immune defenses.
- antigenany substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies and combine specifically with them.
- autisma pervasive developmental disorder of children, characterised by impaired communication, excessive rigidity, and emotional detachment: now considered one of the autism spectrum disorders.
- measlesan acute infectious disease occurring mostly in children, characterized by catarrhal and febrile symptoms and an eruption of small red spots; rubeola.
- poliomyelitisan acute viral disease, usually affecting children and young adults, caused by any of three polioviruses, characterized by inflammation of the motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord, and resulting in a motor paralysis, followed by muscular atrophy and often permanent deformities.
Twig - Vaccine
TWIG. (n.d.).Vaccine [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www-twig-world-com.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/film/glossary/vaccine-442/
Department of Health
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To find Department of Health documents search:
site:health.gov.au
Then the subject
vaccin*
and the key words
HIV or autism
- Department of Health. (2006). Communicable and vaccine-preventable conditions under surveillance by the APSU: 2005 update. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-cdi3003f.htm
The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) conducts national active surveillance of rare diseases of childhood, including infectious and vaccine preventable diseases, genetic disorders, childhood injuries and mental health conditions. This report is a summary of surveillance results for communicable and/or vaccine preventable diseases studied through the APSU in 2005.
Vaccine Storage
- Heaphy, B., & Green, K. (2014). No room for error in vaccine storage and monitoring. New Zealand Doctor, 26.Cold chain is the process of keeping vaccines between 2°C and 8°C from the point of manufacture to the administration of the vaccine into the patient. Vaccines that have been exposed to temperatures outside the 2°C to 8°C range may not work and will provide unknown protection against disease.
- Australian Government. (2013). National vaccine storage guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/D7EDA378F0B97134CA257D4D0081E4BB/$File/strive-for-5-guidelines.pdfVaccines are delicate biological substances that can become less effective or destroyed if they are either:
• frozen
• allowed to get too warm, or
• exposed to direct sunlight or UV light, including fluorescent light.
When vaccines are repeatedly exposed to temperatures outside the +2°C to +8°C range, the loss of potency is cumulative and cannot be reversed. If we don’t protect our vaccines they won’t protect our community!
Introduction
"A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful agent by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. Once stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, called B lymphocytes, remain sensitized and ready to respond to the agent should it ever gain entry to the body. A vaccine may also confer passive immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes already made by an animal or human donor. Vaccines are usually administered by injection (parenteral administration), but some are given orally. Vaccines applied to mucosal surfaces, such as those lining the gut or nasal passages, seem to stimulate a greater antibody response and may be the most-effective route of administration" (Britannica, 2015).
Overview
- Encyclopedia Britannica. (2105). Vaccines. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/primary/article/441977
In 1967 smallpox killed some two million people. By 1979 the disease was officially declared to be extinct. This dramatic change was the result of a worldwide programme of vaccination. Vaccines are substances that prevent the spread of a disease. They are used against a wide variety of diseases. Usually, vaccines are prepared from the same viruses or bacteria that cause the disease. - Pan American Health Organization. (2014). Measles Cases Before and After Vaccines in the Americas 1980-2012. doi: CP3208565278A survey released by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization in January 2014 shows the total number of reported Measles cases before widespread vaccines 1980-1984 and after vaccines 2008-2012.
- World Health Organisation. (2015). Vaccines. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
- Encyclopædia Britannica. (2015). Vaccine. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/74606
Vaccine, suspension of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or toxins or of antibodies or lymphocytes that is administered primarily to prevent disease.
Standardisation and Guidelines
- World Health Organisation. (n.d.). Vaccine standardisation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/en/The World Health Organization brings together international experts in specific fields through its biological standardization programme to develop and revise specific recommendations for the production and quality control of vaccines of major international public health importance.
- World Health Organisation. (2015). Guidelines on clinical evaluation of vaccines: Regulatory expectations. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/biologicals/Clinical_guidelines_revised_IK_29_Oct_2015.pdf?ua=1Publication of this early draft is to provide information about the proposed Guidelines on
Clinical Evaluation of Vaccines: Regulatory Expectations, to a broad audience and to improve transparency of the consultation process.
Myths and Realities
- Department of Health and Aging. (2013). Myths and realities: Responding to arguments against vaccination. Retrieved from http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/13ACB374291E3532CA257D4D0081E4AA/$File/full-publication-mytVaccination has been repeatedly demonstrated to be one of the most effective interventions to prevent disease worldwide. It was voted by readers of the British Medical Journal in 2007 as one of the four most important developments in medicine of the past 150 years, alongside sanitation, antibiotics and anaesthesia.
Research
- Aids Weekly. (2015). Immune responses provide clues for HIV vaccine development. doi:A433299886Recent research has yielded new information about immune responses associated with--and potentially responsible for--protection from HIV infection, providing leads for new strategies to develop an HIV vaccine.
- Australian Government. (2015). Vaccinating against Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Retrieved from http://hpv.health.gov.au/the-program/The national Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program began in 2007 to protect females against HPV infections that can lead to cancer and disease later in life. Studies have since shown a substantial drop in HPV-related infection among the vaccinated group.
- Baker, M. (2005). Knocking out malaria? Genetically engineered vaccine shows promise. Technology Review p83. doi:A131818379The world's first vaccines were made from weak forms of disease-causing microbes. A more modern approach is to instead use one or a few of a microbe's signature molecules. But the malaria parasite--Plasmodium--foils this strategy because at different developmental stages it has different surface proteins.
- Biotech Week. (2015). No association found between MMR vaccine and autism, even among children at higher risk. doi:A415820898In a study that included approximately 95,000 children with older siblings, receipt of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was not associated with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), regardless of whether older siblings had ASD, findings that indicate no harmful association between receipt of MMR vaccine and ASD even among children already at higher risk for ASD, according to a study in the April 21 issue of JAMA, a theme issue on child health (see also Autism).
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization. (2014). Halt in polio vaccination draws condemnation. doi:A360797898Representatives of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in the Syrian Arab Republic condemned the interruption of a polio immunization campaign there last month due to intense fighting.
World Health Organisation
- World Health Organisation. (2015). Poliomyelitis. http://www.who.int/biologicals/areas/vaccines/poliomyelitis/en/Poliomyelitis is an acute communicable disease of humans caused by a human enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. The virus is composed of a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and a protein capsid. The 3 serotypes of poliovirus carry are antigenically distinct. Poliovirus is transmitted from one person to another by oral contact with secretions or faecal material from an infected person.
- World Health Organisation. (2015). Hepatitis A. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/hepatitis_A/en/Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a member of the picornavirus family that includes the human enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. It is a non-enveloped virus of 27-28 nm diameter and all human isolates of hepatitis A belong to a single serotype. The virus has a world-wide distribution and causes about 1.5 million cases of clinical hepatitis each year.
- World Health Organisation. (2105). Measles. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/measles/en/Measles virus is an enveloped, ribonucleic acid virus of the genus Morbillivirus. Although at least 20 different genotypes have been isolated in various parts of the world, there is only one serotype. Measles is highly contagious, and an infected person will often transmit the virus to over 90% of unprotected close contacts.
- World Health Organisation. (2015). Tetanus. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/tetanus/en/Clostridium tetani is a spore-forming anaerobic bacillus. Spores are present in the environment, particularly in the soil of warm and moist areas, and may be carried in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. Maternal tetanus is a consequence of unclean deliveryand poor postnatal hygiene when the umbilical cord becomes infected. Tetanus in children and adults following injuries may also constitute a considerable public health problem.
Articles For Immunisation
- BBC Bitesize. (n.d.). Microorganisms and immunity. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_edexcel/control_systems/microorganisms_immunity/revision/4/The advantages of vaccinations are obvious - they stop individuals becoming ill. If enough people are vaccinated, vaccinations can also stop pathogens infecting whole populations. This is called herd immunity.
- Queensland Government. (2015). Benefits of immunisation. Retrieved from https://www.qld.gov.au/health/conditions/immunisation/benefits/index.htmlImmunisation is a simple and effective way of protecting children and adults against certain diseases. They are recommended for people at certain ages or life stages and for those who may be at increased risk.
- Vaccines.gov. (n.d.). Five important reasons to vaccinate your child. Retrieved from http://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/features/five-important-reasons-to-vaccinate-your-child.htmlYou want to do what is best for your children. You know about the importance of car seats, baby gates and other ways to keep them safe. But, did you know that one of the best ways to protect your children is to make sure they have all of their vaccinations?
Articles Against Immunisation
- BBC Bitesize. (n.d.). Microorganisms and immunity. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_edexcel/control_systems/microorganisms_immunity/revision/4/In recent years there has been much controversy surrounding the MMR vaccine. Some people used to think the vaccine - which is a combined treatment against measles, mumps and rubella - could cause autism in children. They decided not to risk letting their child have the vaccine and just hoped they would not catch measles, mumps or rubella.
- Thomson, C. (2010, April 23). Flu vaccination ban goes national after fever, convulsions in children. Retrieved from http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/flu-vaccination-ban-goes-national-after-fever-convulsions-in-children-20100422-tglp.htmlSeasonal flu vaccinations across Australia for children under five have been suspended after 23 children in Western Australia were admitted to hospital with convulsions following their injections.
- Humphries, S. (2014). They don’t want you to hear the other sideDr. Suzanne Humphries is a medical doctor with specialties in internal medicine and nephrology. She has years of experience in seeing and treating illness resulting from vaccine damage, particularly kidney failure. It is highly unlikely you will ever hear her interviewed in the mainstream media, because the mainstream media only presents one side of vaccine safety.
- Lim, D., Rademaker, M., Gardner, D., & Oakley, A. (2011). Palmoplantar keratoderma: An adverse reaction to influenza vaccination. Australasian Journal Of Dermatology, 52(4), 298-300. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2011.00817.xPalmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) is a group of disorders resulting in hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. These conditions can be inherited or acquired. Acquired PPK can be related to menopause, cancer, hypothyroidism and exposure to water. In addition, numerous drugs have been
reported to precipitate PPK.1,2 Herein, we report on the case of a 50-year-old lady who developed PPK in association with influenza vaccination on three occasions over a 10-year period.