Resource Key
LEVEL 1
brief, basic information laid out in an easy-to-read format. May use informal language. (Includes most news articles)
LEVEL 2
provides additional background information and further reading. Introduces some subject-specific language.
LEVEL 3
lengthy, detailed information. Frequently uses technical/subject-specific language. (Includes most analytical articles)
Linked Databases
- World Book Encyclopedia This link opens in a new windowOnline version of the complete reference work along with dictionary, atlas, links, magazines, historical documents, audio, video, images, and 3D photograph
- Britannica Schools This link opens in a new window Britannica School covers the core subject areas of English, Maths, Science and History. Interactive lessons, activities, games, stories, worksheets, manipulatives, study guides and research tools.
Risk Assessment
- World Health Organisation (2017). Risk Assessment. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/guidelines/Com_dis_risk_ass_oct07.pdfThe potential for transmission of communicable diseases is influenced by a complex interplay of
host, agent and environment. Accurately defining risk requires a careful consideration of the
potential interactions of all three factors, in this case within the specific context of the area and
population affected by the emergency.
Introduction
Welcome to the research guide for Topical diseases: a geographical inquiry. Imagine you are a consultant for the company, PANDEMIC FUTURES, which specialises in tropical disease management. The disease threats from overcrowding, climate change and resource scarcity are already a reality for some communities. You are to prepare for an interview with government officials from a country affected by a tropical disease, other than Ebola. The interview will include questions relating to the nature, vulnerability and management of the tropical disease in the selected country. Tropical diseases include malaria, zika, dengue, cholera and many more.
"Tropical disease, any disease that is indigenous to tropical or subtropical areas of the world or that occurs principally in those areas. Examples of tropical diseases include malaria, cholera, Chagas disease, yellow fever, and dengue." (Britannica, 2018)
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Gates, B. (2017, April 8). Neglected TRopical Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEHmXUvpHA4
Health Websites
- WHO. (2018). Tropical Diseases. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/tropical_diseases/en/Tropical diseases encompass all diseases that occur solely, or principally, in the tropics. In practice, the term is often taken to refer to infectious diseases that thrive in hot, humid conditions, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, and dengue.
- World Bank. (2018). Tropical Diseases. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/search?q=tropical+diseasesWorld Bank group works to improve the living conditions for those in need. They work extensively with Tropical diseases and provide information about their projects on their website.
- Centre for Diseases. (2017, September 18). Tropical Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/newsroom/topics/ntds/Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of parasitic and bacterial diseases that cause substantial illness. NTDs are the source of tremendous suffering because of their disfiguring, debilitating, and sometimes deadly impact. They are referred to as "neglected" because they have been largely wiped out in the more developed parts of the world but persist in the poorest, most marginalized or isolated communities of the world.
Statistics
- Human Development Reports. (2018). Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/education-indexThe Human Development Report 2016 ’Human Development for Everyone’ looks into these two questions. It recognizes that in every society certain groups are far more likely to suffer disadvantages than others and identifies deep-rooted, and often unmeasured, barriers to development.
- World Bank. (2017). Datasets. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi-mapsIn the World Development Indicators database (and most other time series datasets), all 189 World Bank member countries, plus 28 other economies with populations of more than 30,000, are classified so that data users can aggregate, group, and compare statistical data of interest. Groupings are primarily based on income and on the regions used for administrative purposes by the World Bank.
- Bhutta, Z., & Summerfield, J. (2014). Global burden, distribution, and interventions for infectious diseases of poverty. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4126350/Infectious diseases of poverty (IDoP) disproportionately affect the poorest population in the world and contribute to a cycle of poverty as a result of decreased productivity ensuing from long-term illness, disability, and social stigma. In 2010, the global deaths from HIV/AIDS have increased to 1.5 million and malaria mortality rose to 1.17 million. Mortality from neglected tropical diseases rose to 152,000, while tuberculosis killed 1.2 million people that same year. Substantial regional variations exist in the distribution of these diseases as they are primarily concentrated in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America, with geographic overlap and high levels of co-infection. Evidence-based interventions exist to prevent and control these diseases, however, the coverage still remains low with an emerging challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, community-based delivery platforms are increasingly being advocated to ensure sustainability and combat co-infections.
Key Terms
- Schistosomiasis an infection caused by parasitic flukes of the genus Schistosoma, occurring commonly in eastern Asia and in tropical regions and transmitted to humans through feces-contaminated fresh water or snails: symptoms commonly include pain, anemia, and malfunction of the infected organ.
- Dengue fever an infectious, eruptive fever of warm climates, usually epidemic, characterized especially by severe pains in the joints and muscles.
- Chagas disease an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, occurring chiefly in tropical America and characterized by irregular fever, palpable lymph nodes, and often heart damage. Scientists identify four fundamental forces: the gravitational, the electromagnetic (involving both electrostatic and magnetic forces), the weak nuclear forces and the strong nuclear forces. All interactions between matter can be explained as the action of one, or a combination, of the four fundamental forces.
- Tsetse fly any of several bloodsucking African flies of the genus Glossina, that act as a vector of sleeping sickness and other trypanosome infections of humans and domestic animals.
- Malaria Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
- Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania species and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.
- Origin something from which anything arises or is derived; source. Many emerging infections and antibiotic-resistant strains of common diseases originate in one location and then disseminate to new places at often alarming speeds: societies are only as strong as the most fragile health system
- Symptoms Pathology. a phenomenon that arises from and accompanies a particular disease or disorder and serves as an indication of it.
- Transmission of Disease Disease transmission is the means by which contagious, pathogenic microorganisms are spread from one person to another.
- Risks The potential for transmission of communicable diseases is influenced by a complex interplay of host, agent and environment. Accurately defining risk requires a careful consideration of the potential interactions of all three factors, in this case within the specific context of the area and population affected by the emergency.
- Distribution
- Risks - economic Beyond direct effects on health, infectious diseases impose significant economic costs. Adding to the direct costs borne by sufferers and their households, infectious diseases – particularly those that are relatively fast-spreading or poorly understood by the general population – have an additional economic impact through a response called “aversion behaviour”.
UNDP
- United Nations Development Programme. (2017). International Human Development Indicators. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/countriesExplore human development data from around the world using the International Human Development Indicators interactive website.
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Working in Global Health
- Fogarty International Centre. (2018). NGOs working in global health research. Retrieved from https://www.fic.nih.gov/Global/Pages/NGOs.aspxNongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), such as those listed on this website, provide valuable resources, tools and funding in the field of global health research.
Maps
- World Bank. (2017). World Development Indiciator Maps. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi-mapsWorld bank provides distribution maps for population, economy and environmental data.
- Gap minder. (2018). Life Expectancy. Retrieved from https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#_state_marker_select@_geo=ago&trailStartTime=2015;;&axis/_x_which=life/_expectancy/_years&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&scaleType=linear;;;&Gap Minder is a non-profit venture that provides an information visualization software for animation of statistics.
- ntd.org. (2018). Mapping. Retrieved from http://www.ntdmap.org/NTD is an interactive mapping tool for control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).