A ‘direct’ quotation should be placed within quotation marks followed by the author’s surname, year of publication, and page number inside curved brackets.

e.g. “Both Miles Franklin and Joseph Furphy rejected indignantly the orthodox Victorian romance” (Moore, 2011, p. 176).

e.g. “The Nazis ruled through teaching hatred, stirring up envy and encouraging fear”  (Clive, 1999, p. 4).  The German people were looking for strong leadership…………..

e.g. Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).

 

An ‘indirect’ quotation, a citation of a work without quoting directly from it, is treated in a similar way but without the quotation marks.

e.g. A further analysis of the results was undertaken and proved to have a positive impact (O’Connell, 2012).

e.g. In 1995 the United States approved the consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods (Diaz & Fridovich-Keil , 2014). Within four years nearly half of the corn, cotton and soybean crops in the United States had been produced using GM techniques, and by 2010 that figure exceeded two-thirds.

 

If a quotation is 40 words or more, omit quotation marks and use a block format in which the quotation is indented about 5 spaces from the left margin and double-space the entire paragraph.

e.g. John Nicholson (1820) anticipated this effect when discussion farming methods in the nineteenth century:

Perhaps it would be well, if some institution were devised, and supported at the expense of the State, which would be so organized as would tend most effectually to produce a due degree of emulation among Farmers, by rewards and honorary distinctions conferred by those who, by their successful experimental efforts and improvements, should render themselves duly entitled to them. (p. 92)

If any words are omitted from the original quotation, a parenthetical ellipsis (...) must be in place of the omitted words.

e.g. “One application of the term organic memory . . . refers to retentions in the nervous system” (Judd, 1907, p. 236).

 

You will need to give credit to both the original source and the source you actually used.

e.g. Miller’s simple definition of social justice (as cited in Lister, 2007, p. 12) …

e.g. According to Lakatos (as cited in Gholson & Barker, 1985, p. 36), scientists justifiably continue ...

In your works cited list, you will only list the source you actually read: in this case, either Lister or Gholson & Barker.

Quoting 4 lines or less

Use quotation marks and incorporate in text:

e.g. The immensely obese Falstaff tells the Prince: “When I was about thy years, Hal, I was not an eagle’s talon in the waist; I could have crept into any alderman’s thumb ring.” (Shakespeare, trans. 2010, 2.4.325–327)

In-text: (Author, Translated Date, Act.Scene.Lines)

 

Quoting more than 4 lines

Block quote: new line, indent, no quotation marks, colon preceeds quote.

e.g. In Much Ado About Nothing, Benedick reflects on what he has overheard Don Pedro, Leonato, and Claudio say:

This can be no trick. The conference was sadly borne. They have the truth of this from Hero. They seem to pity the lady. It seems her affections have their full bent. Love me? Why, it must be requited. I hear how I am censured. They say I will bear myself proudly if I perceive the love come from her; they say too that she will rather die than give any sign of affection. (Shakespeare, trans. 2010, 2.3.217–224)

In-text: (Author, Translated Date, Act.Scene.Lines)