With this proposal, he put an end to a discussion which had proceeded for several years as to the possible aims and content of a political and economic unification of Western Europe.

Those who knew better realized that Europe remained a system of border controls, government subsidies to national industries, closed national systems of procurement in military and other key public sectors, and national regulation of industrial standards, copyrights, transportation, banking, insurance and health requirements for the entry of goods. Thus, many were discouraged; after all, the goal of a full economic union had been proclaimed in the early 1970s but never met. By 1988, it had become evident that something new had indeed happened in Western Europe. Three months after the council's 1985 decision, the European Commission, which is the executive branch of the Community and consists of 17 officials selected by the national governments but independent of them, published a White Paper that listed no less than 300 areas tor action, with deadlines for proposals by the commission to deal with them. Ever since, the commission has been turning out directives, and the Council of Ministers, which takes most of the final decisions, has examined and usually adopted them. It was the White Paper that set the deadline of 1992 for the achievement of a truly common market. By the middle of 1989, about half of the obstacles had been removed--or at least ordered to be removed.

There is much speculation about which candidates will be successful, about the rates at which the currencies will be converted into the Euro and the latter's strength in terms of the dollar.

This article explores the EU’s actions and non-actions in Darfur in light of the “lessons of Bosnia.” In addition to illustrating the gap between EU rhetoric and policy, it also assesses what remains of the “lessons of Bosnia” in light of events in Darfur and if and how Darfur itself has given rise to new lessons that may inform EU policy going forward.

The economic implications of departure in Great Britain are forecast, criticism is leveled at the governors of the E.U. regarding transparency, government spending policy, and the responses to the eurozone sovereign debt crisis and illegal immigration. British political divisions regarding immigration are identified.

Stock market declines and the risk of a potential recession are examined, along with the views of various political leaders such as German Chancellor Angela Merkel and British Prime Minister David Cameron who announced his resignation. The free movement of goods and European Union politics are assessed.

Topics covered include the inhospitality towards Brexit, the difficulty faced by the advocacy group Britain Stronger In in replicating the success of the Scottish No campaign and the impact of the issue of immigration on voters. Also mentioned is the problem faced by the Labour group in which its founding coalition is united on economic issues but split on questions of identity.