Britannica Links
- Marshall Plan Marshall Plan, formally European Recovery Program, (April 1948–December 1951), U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive.
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) of April 4, 1949, which sought to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II.
- Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman, (born May 8, 1884, Lamar, Mo., U.S.—died Dec. 26, 1972, Kansas City, Mo.), 33rd President of the United States (1945–53), who led his nation through the final stages of World War II and through the early years of the Cold War, vigorously opposing Soviet expansionism in Europe and sending U.S. forces to turn back a communist invasion of South Korea.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower, in full Dwight David Eisenhower, (born October 14, 1890, Denison, Texas, U.S.—died March 28, 1969, Washington, D.C.), 34th President of the United States (1953–61), who had been supreme commander of the Allied forces in western Europe during World War II.
- John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, in full John Fitzgerald Kennedy, byname JFK, (born May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.—died November 22, 1963, Dallas, Texas), 35th president of the United States (1961–63), who faced a number of foreign crises, especially in Cuba and Berlin, but managed to secure such achievements as the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and the Alliance for Progress.
- Richard Nixon Richard Nixon, in full Richard Milhous Nixon , (born January 9, 1913, Yorba Linda, California, U.S.—died April 22, 1994, New York, New York), 37th president of the United States (1969–74), who, faced with almost certain impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal, became the first American president to resign from office.
- Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan, in full Ronald Wilson Reagan, (born February 6, 1911, Tampico, Illinois, U.S.—died June 5, 2004, Los Angeles, California), 40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm.
- George H.W. Bush George H.W. Bush, in full George Herbert Walker Bush, (born June 12, 1924, Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.), politician and businessman who was vice president of the United States (1981–89) and the 41st president of the United States (1989–93). As president, Bush assembled a multinational force to compel the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War.
Truman Doctrine Speech - March 12 1947
- Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. (n.d.). SR64-47 [Audio file]. Retrieved from http://www.trumanlibrary.org/audio/mp3s/play.php?aud=sr64-47.mp3&place=U.S.+Capitol&date=March+12%2C+1947
U.S. Capitol - Special message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: The Truman Doctrine (25 min.).
Articles
- Westwick, P. J. (2008). The strategic offense initiative? The Soviets and Star Wars. Physics Today, 61(6), 43-49.
Discusses the foreign policy of the administration of U.S. President Bill Clinton with Sub-Saharan Africa after the Cold War. Brief overview of the economic and political conditions in the region; Themes that emerged from the foreign policy-making-by-conference; Elements associated with the initiative by which the Clinton administration sought to enhance U.S. security interest; Actions taken by the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush.
Websites
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (n.d.). What is NATO? Retrieved from http://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html
NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. - The George C. Marshall Foundation. (n.d.). The Marshall Plan. Retrieved from http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/From 1945 through 1947, the United States was already assisting European economic recovery with direct financial aid. Military assistance to Greece and Turkey was being given. The newly formed United Nations was providing humanitarian assistance. In January 1947, U. S. President Harry Truman appointed George Marshall, the architect of victory during WWII, to be Secretary of State. In just a few months the State Department, under his leadership, with expertise provided by George Kennan, William Clayton and others crafted the Marshall Plan concept, which George Marshall shared with the world in a speech on June 5, 1947, at Harvard University.
- Lillian Goldman Law Library. (2008). Truman Doctrine. Retrieved from http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.aspTranscript of President Harry S. Truman's Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947
- Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. (n.d.). Ideological foundations of the Cold War. Retrieved from http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/index.phpFor over four decades of the twentieth century, a condition of Cold War and intense enmity between two super powers dominated the world stage. International relations everywhere and domestic policy in numerous nations pivoted around the American-Soviet rivalry. The 57 documents (approximately 632 pages) in this research file highlight the ideals that formed the basis of American policy toward the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1952. Also included are oral histories, photographs, biographies, a chronology, and lesson plans.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home. (n.d.). Aerial intelligence during the Cold War. Retrieved from https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/aerial_intelligence.htmlThese documents focus on aerial intelligence operations during the Eisenhower Administration. The documents date from November 1954 to September 1960 and provide an overview of the nature of the cold war atmosphere which existed during Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential years.
Cold War - The Marshall Plan - 1947-1952
Downing, T. (Writer & Producer). (1998). Marshall Plan: 1947-1952 [Television series episode]. In M. Smith (Producer), Cold War. Atlanta, Georgia: Turner Original Productions.
Cold War - Iron Curtain 1945 - 1947
Mitchell, P. & Isaacs, J. (Executive Producers). (1998). Iron curtain: 1945-1947 [Television series episode]. In M. Smith (Producer), Cold War. Atlanta, Georgia: Turner Original Productions.