Yugoslavia Break Up
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Binder, D. (1992, April 8). U.S. Recognizes 3 Yugoslav republics as independent. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html
The United States, which for months held out for a unified Yugoslavia, announced today that it was recognizing the independence of three of that country's secessionist republics. -
United States Department of State. (2013, October 31). The breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990–1992. Retrieved from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia
Issued on October 18, 1990, National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) 15–90 presented a dire warning to the U.S. policy community: Yugoslavia will cease to function as a federal state within a year, and will probably dissolve within two. -
Bierman, J., & Branson, L. (1991). Separatist fury. Maclean's, 104(27), 30.
Analyzes the current political crisis in Yugoslavia. On Jun. 25, 1991, the republics of Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia, prompting the federal government to send troops into Slovenia. US, Canadian and Soviet reaction; Possible impact on the Soviet Union; Reaction of Canadians of Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian descent; Influences of the late Yugoslavian Communist leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito; Croatia's National Guard; More.
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International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. (n.d.). The conflicts. Retrieved from http://www.icty.org/en/about/what-former-yugoslavia/conflicts
At the beginning of the 1990s, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the largest, most developed and diverse countries in the Balkans. Coinciding with the collapse of communism and resurgent nationalism in Eastern Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s, Yugoslavia experienced a period of intense political and economic crisis.
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Bohlen, C. (1991, June 6). Slovenia is moving to independence. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/06/world/slovenia-is-moving-to-independence.html
As Yugoslavia continues to muddle through one crisis after another, the republic of Slovenia is coolly preparing to declare its independence.
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Zgaga, B. (2014, March 3). Exposing Slovenia’s dark history in the Yugoslav conflict. Retrieved from http://www.icij.org/blog/2014/03/exposing-slovenias-dark-history-yugoslav-conflict
The wars of the 1990s sparked massive arms smuggling during an arms embargo by the United Nations, and left the countries that emerged riddled with corruption and organized crime twenty years later.
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Prunk, J. (n.d.). Path to Slovene state. Retrieved from http://www.slovenija2001.gov.si/10years/path/
The independent state of the Republic of Slovenia was created on 25 June 1991 out of the federal republic of Slovenia, which was previously a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Site covers 'Slovenian Spring', first democratic elections, plebiscite, declaration of independence, conflict, and international recognition.
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Joint Declaration of the EC Troica and the Parties directly concerned with the Yugoslav Crisis (Brioni Accord). (1991, July 7). Retrieved from http://peacemaker.un.org/croatia-slovenia-serbia-brioni91
The Brioni Accord/Declaration is a document signed by representatives of the Slovenia, Croatia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia under the political sponsorship of the European Community (EC) on the Brijuni Islands on 7 July 1991. The agreement was aimed at creating an environment in which further negotiations could be made on future of Yugoslavia.
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Pleskovic, B., & Sachs, J. D. (1994). Political independence and economic reform in Slovenia. In O. J. Blanchard, K. A. Froot & J. D. Sachs (Eds.), The transition in Eastern Europe, Volume 1 (pp. 191-220). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
In this paper, we seek to explore Slovenia’s progress in the triple tasks of state building, stabilization, and transition to a market economy. We begin with the political history of Slovene independence and then turn to the sequence of economic policy measures that accompanied the process of political independence, with special emphasis on monetary reform, macroeconomic stabilization, and the debate over privatization.
World History. (2015, July 22). The Ten Day War Slovenian independence [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAIZIEblNRg
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Fitchett, J. (1991, November 19). In Vukovar, 2 ways of fighting a war. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/19/news/19iht-slav.html
As Croatian defenders in Vukovar were surrendering Monday after a three-month siege by Serbian militia and Yugoslav regular units, Western officials and experts said that the battle provided a graphic insight into each side's combat tactics.
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Traynor, I. (2011, April 16). Croatian generals jailed for war crimes against Serbs. Retrieved from
Fury in Croatia as national hero Ante Gotovina is one of those convicted at The Hague for state-sponsored ethnic cleansing.
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James, A. (1993). The UN in Croatia: An exercise in futility? The World Today, 49(5), 93-96.
On 10 February 1993, the UN Secretary-General reported that he could not see 'any clear way forward' in Croatia. The situation was, he said, 'difficult', which was unlikely to attract vigorous dissent. But he also said that the situation had 'not been foreseen' a year earlier, when the UN decided to become involved.
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Keiseng Rakate, P. (2000, December 31). The shelling of Knin by the Croatian Army in August 1995: A police operation or a non-international armed conflict? Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jqta.htm
In August 1995, the Croatian Army in an operation called Operation Storm — otherwise known as Oluja — targeted and killed Serb minorities in the town of Knin, in Croatia. As a result, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) carried out an investigation with the aim of prosecuting those who had allegedly violated principles of international humanitarian law.
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Nowak, M. (1996). Special process on missing persons in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved from https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/36-yug.htm
The present report covers the expert's activities during the period under review and analyses the situation of missing persons in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on the basis of individual cases the special process has received and transmitted as well as information provided by Governments, nongovernmental organizations, relatives of missing persons and other sources.
War Documentary. (2015, April 14). BBC The death of Yugoslavia 3of6 - Wars of independence [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvK80qgVWb8
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Bosnian conflict. (2016). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/471893
The Bosnian conflict was an ethnically rooted war (1992–95) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a former republic of Yugoslavia with a multiethnic population comprising Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), Serbs, and Croats.
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Dayton Accords. (2016). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/476905
The Dayton Accords were a peace agreement reached on Nov. 21, 1995, by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, ending the war in Bosnia and outlining a General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Stern Timmy. (2014, July 18). Bosnian War: The death of Yugoslavia | History documentary [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt5n2381Fzc
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Kosovo conflict. (2016). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com.au.db.plcscotch.wa.edu.au/levels/high/article/443110
The Kosovo conflict was a conflict (1998–99) in which ethnic Albanians opposed ethnic Serbs and the government of Yugoslavia (the rump of the former federal state, comprising the republics of Serbia and Montenegro) in Kosovo.
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A Kosovo chronology. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/etc/cron.html
The following chronology traces the roots of the war in Kosovo from Slobodan Milosevic's rise to power in the late 1980s and through the diplomatic gambles and military threats that failed to head off the conflict. It charts the escalation of the air war with Serbia and the steps that finally led to NATO's victory in early June 1999.
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United Nations. (1999, February 23). Interim agreement for peace and self-government in Kosovo. Retrieved from
This agreement aims to end the violence in Kosovo and facilitate the return of refugees and displaced persons. It also calls for the adoption of a new constitution for Kosovo that respects the territorial integrity of the Former Republic of Yugoslavia while simultaneously establishing the principles of democratic self-government for three years until final status of Kosovo is determined.
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Crawford, T. W. (2001-2002). Pivotal deterrence and the Kosovo War: Why the Holbrooke Agreement failed. Political Science Quarterly, 116(4), 499-523.
Debate rages over whether the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) air war against Serbia was a success or failure. But one thing is certain: that ware resulted from a prior failure of NATO policy.
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Rohde, D. (2000). Kosovo seething. Foreign Affairs, 79(3), 65-79.
During February's ethnic killings in Mitrovica, a divided town in northern Kosovo, the local nato commander blamed militants on both sides for fomenting the violence that left 11 civilians dead. A handful of radicals, he warned, were poisoning relations between average Serbs and Albanians.